Background and Methods Use of nicotine-replacement therapies and the antidepressant bupropion helps people stop smoking. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of sustained-release bupropion (244 subjects), a nicotine patch (244 subjects), bupropion and a nicotine patch (245 subjects), and placebo (160 subjects) for smoking cessation. Smokers with clinical depression were excluded. Treatment consisted of nine weeks of bupropion (150 mg a day for the first three days, and then 150 mg twice daily) or placebo, as well as eight weeks of nicotine-patch therapy (21 mg per day during weeks 2 through 7, 14 mg per day during week 8, and 7 mg per day during week 9) or placebo. The target day for quitting smoking was usually day 8. Results The abstinence rates at 12 months were 15.6 percent in the placebo group, as compared with 16.4 percent in the nicotine-patch group, 30.3 percent in the bupropion group (P.

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Figure 1 Point-Prevalence Rates of Abstinence (Panel A) and Rates of Continuous Abstinence (Panel B) during Treatment (Weeks 1–9) and Follow-up (Weeks 10–52). Mt Ni Dylm1986 Manual Lawn. The point-prevalence rates of abstinence at four weeks were significantly higher in all three treatment groups than in the placebo group (P=0.005 for the comparison with the nicotine-patch group, P. Figure 2 Mean Change from Base Line in Composite Withdrawal Scores.

The changes in scores were analyzed daily during the first six days after the quitting date (Panel A) and then weekly until the end of treatment (Panel B). The mean changes in scores could range from –4 to +4. Tukey's studentized range test was used to assess differences among the groups. Asterisks indicate P.

Each year, approximately 20 million of the 50 million smokers in the United States try to quit smoking, but only about 6 percent of those who try succeed in quitting in the long term. Nicotine-replacement therapies, such as the nicotine patch and nicotine gum, boost the rates of smoking cessation by a factor of 1.4 to 2.6 in comparison with placebo treatments, but 70 to 80 percent of smokers who use these therapies still start to smoke again. Affect or mood appears to exert potent effects on the motivation to use nicotine. For instance, among smokers, symptoms of nicotine dependence are correlated with the magnitude of affective symptoms of depression.

In population-based studies, smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to have symptoms of affective disorders. Persons with a negative affect are more likely to start smoking and less likely to be able to quit — effects that may be related to changes in dopaminergic activity in the brain. Antidepressants or anxiolytics may therefore be efficacious cessation aids. Hurt and colleagues demonstrated that bupropion is an effective smoking-cessation aid: at 12 months, the abstinence rates were 23 percent among subjects assigned to receive 300 mg of bupropion per day for 7 weeks and 12 percent among subjects assigned to receive placebo. We compared bupropion, placebo, a nicotine patch, and a combination of bupropion and the nicotine patch with regard to efficacy. We also examined whether treatment with bupropion ameliorates nicotine-withdrawal symptoms such as negative mood. Subjects, Screening, and Randomization Subjects were recruited at four study sites by advertisements in the media.

The first subject was enrolled in August 1995, and follow-up was completed in March 1997. Of a total of 1182 persons who were screened, 893 met the screening criteria and were enrolled: 218 in Arizona, 227 in California, 220 in Nebraska, and 228 in Wisconsin.

The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatments with use of an unequal-cell design: 160 subjects were assigned to receive placebo, 244 to receive the nicotine patch, 244 to receive bupropion, and 245 to receive bupropion and the nicotine patch. Randomization was not balanced within sites. The subjects were screened by means of a telephone interview and a pretreatment session that included a physical examination, electrocardiography, and chest roentgenography. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each site. All participants provided written informed consent. To be eligible for the study, subjects had to be at least 18 years of age, to smoke at least 15 cigarettes per day, to weigh at least 45.4 kg (100 lb), to be motivated to quit smoking, and to speak English. Only one smoker per household was allowed to enroll in the study.

Treatment Period The treatment period was nine weeks. Target quitting dates were set for the second week, usually day 8.

Participants were assessed weekly and attended a brief (15 minutes or less) individual counseling session for smoking cessation each week. Counseling topics included motivation, identification of smoking triggers, coping responses, weight management, and use of the medications.

The counselors used a standardized treatment developed by Hurt and colleagues. The subjects also received a supportive telephone call from a counselor approximately three days after the target quitting date. Medications Subjects in the two bupropion groups received 150-mg tablets of sustained-release bupropion (Zyban, Glaxo Wellcome), and all other subjects received identical-appearing tablets. In the bupropion groups, subjects received 150 mg of bupropion in the morning and a placebo tablet in the evening on days 1, 2, and 3 of treatment; and one bupropion tablet in the morning and one in the evening on days 4 to 63. All other subjects took placebo tablets twice daily from days 1 to 63.

Subjects in the nicotine-patch groups used one patch (Habitrol, Novartis Consumer Health) per day for eight weeks beginning on the quitting day (day 8). All other subjects applied a placebo patch each day for eight weeks. The patches used from weeks 2 to 7 each contained 21 mg of nicotine; those used during week 8 each contained 14 mg, and those used during week 9 each contained 7 mg. Measures of Outcome All 893 subjects were included in analyses of the primary outcome. The primary outcome variable was the point-prevalence rate of abstinence at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Subjects were considered to be abstinent if they reported not smoking since the preceding clinic visit and had an expired carbon monoxide concentration of 10 ppm or less.

Subjects were considered to be continuously abstinent if they had not smoked after the quitting day, as confirmed by a carbon monoxide concentration of 10 ppm or less at all clinic visits during the 12-month study. Secondary outcome measures included withdrawal symptoms, body weight, and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Statistical Analysis Chi-square and analysis of variance were used to test for base-line differences in demographic and smoking-history variables. All statistical tests were two-sided and had an alpha level of 0.05. Sample sizes were based on the results of a previous study of bupropion in which the abstinence rates at four weeks were 40 percent in the bupropion group and 24 percent in the placebo group.

We estimated that 130 subjects were needed in the placebo group and 230 subjects were needed in the treatment groups for the study to have a power of 0.80 to detect such a difference at an alpha level of 0.05. All subjects who discontinued treatment early or who were lost to follow-up were classified as smokers.

Logistic-regression analysis was used to determine pairwise differences among groups in the abstinence rates. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze differences in rates of continuous abstinence; homogeneity among treatments and pairwise differences were tested with the log-rank test. Withdrawal symptoms were assessed daily with a composite score calculated as the mean of eight items in the daily diary: craving for cigarettes; restlessness; increased appetite; depressed mood; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; irritability, frustration, or anger; and difficulty sleeping (DSM-IV symptoms plus craving). The severity of each symptom was rated on a five-point scale, as absent (0), slight (1), mild (2), moderate (3), or severe (4). Ragini Mms 2 Hindi Movie Hd Video Songs Free Download. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the change in scores from base line (before smoking cessation) to after smoking cessation. Group coding was used that permitted tests of the independent and interactive effects of the two pharmacotherapies.

In one analysis, the changes in scores during the first six days after the quitting date were analyzed; in a second analysis, the changes in scores during each week of the eight-week period after the quitting date were analyzed. To control experiment-wise error, Tukey's studentized range test was used for pairwise group comparisons of changes in scores that were found to be significantly different; this same strategy was used to analyze body weight and Beck Depression Inventory scores.

Adverse events that began or increased during the treatment phase were coded with COSTART (Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms), and differences between groups were tested by Fisher's exact test. Base-Line Characteristics and Rates of Discontinuation The base-line characteristics of the study subjects are shown in Table 1 Base-Line Characteristics of the Subjects..

There were no significant differences among the groups. There were no significant interactions between site and treatment for the point-prevalence rates of abstinence at 6 and 12 months. A total of 311 subjects (34.8 percent) discontinued treatment: 177 left the study and provided no additional information, whereas 134 stopped taking the medication but participated in follow-up assessments. Subjects in the placebo group had the highest rate of discontinued treatment (48.8 percent); the rates were 31.1 percent in the bupropion group, 35.7 percent in the nicotine-patch group, and 28.6 percent in the combined-treatment group. Abstinence Rates Figure 1 Point-Prevalence Rates of Abstinence (Panel A) and Rates of Continuous Abstinence (Panel B) during Treatment (Weeks 1–9) and Follow-up (Weeks 10–52). The point-prevalence rates of abstinence at four weeks were significantly higher in all three treatment groups than in the placebo group (P=0.005 for the comparison with the nicotine-patch group, P.

Symptoms of Withdrawal and Depression Figure 2 Mean Change from Base Line in Composite Withdrawal Scores. The changes in scores were analyzed daily during the first six days after the quitting date (Panel A) and then weekly until the end of treatment (Panel B). The mean changes in scores could range from –4 to +4. Tukey's studentized range test was used to assess differences among the groups. Asterisks indicate P.

Weight Change At the beginning of treatment, there were no significant differences in mean body weight among the four groups ( ). By week 7 (after which the nicotine-patch dose was decreased from 21 to 14 mg per day), subjects in the placebo group had gained an average of 2.1 kg, as compared with a gain of 1.6 kg in the nicotine-patch group, 1.7 kg in the bupropion group, and 1.1 kg in the combined-treatment group. Pairwise group comparisons by Tukey's studentized range test at week 7 indicated that the subjects in the combined-therapy group had gained significantly less weight than those in the placebo group (P.

Safety Table 3 Adverse Events. Shows the adverse events reported by 10 percent or more of the subjects in any of the groups. Insomnia was the most commonly reported adverse event, occurring among 47.5 percent of the subjects in the combined-treatment group, 42.4 percent of those in the bupropion group, 30.0 percent of those in the nicotine-patch group, and 19.5 percent of those in the placebo group. Reactions at the application site and dream abnormalities were most common among the subjects who used the nicotine patch. A total of 79 subjects (8.8 percent) discontinued medication because of adverse events: 6 in the placebo group (3.8 percent), 16 in the nicotine-patch group (6.6 percent), 29 in the bupropion group (11.9 percent), and 28 in the combined-treatment group (11.4 percent). The rates of discontinuation of treatment were higher among those receiving bupropion (P=0.004) and those receiving combined treatment (P=0.007) than among those receiving placebo. There was a nonsignificant trend (P=0.24) toward a greater incidence of new or worsening hypertension during the treatment period among those receiving combined therapy than among those receiving placebo (6.1 percent vs.

3.1 percent). No seizures were reported in any group.

Five serious adverse events were reported during treatment. Three were dermatologic or allergic reactions in subjects who were taking bupropion, one of whom was also using a nicotine patch. All three had rash and pruritus, and one also had shortness of breath and chest tightness.

The symptoms began 14 to 20 days after the start of therapy. Treatment was stopped, and the three subjects received glucocorticoids and antihistamines. All had full resolution of symptoms. These reactions were attributed to bupropion. The two other serious adverse events consisted of viral spinal meningitis in a 38-year-old woman 60 days after the initiation of nicotine-patch therapy and chest pain in a 46-year-old man who was hospitalized 4 days after beginning bupropion therapy. He was discharged one day later with a diagnosis of gastric reflux, and the symptoms resolved after treatment with omeprazole.

The meningitis and gastric reflux were not attributed to the study medications. Discussion We found that treatment with bupropion alone or in combination with a nicotine patch resulted in higher long-term abstinence rates than did the use of placebo or a nicotine patch alone. Treatment with both bupropion and the nicotine patch was not significantly better than treatment with bupropion alone either at the end of the treatment period or during follow-up.

As compared with the use of placebo, treatment with the nicotine patch, the nicotine patch and bupropion, and bupropion alone all resulted in less severe withdrawal symptoms and less weight gain after smoking cessation. Previous research has also shown that bupropion and nicotine-replacement therapies can reduce weight gain after smoking cessation. Although weight gain was lowest in the combined-treatment group, there were no significant differences in weight gain among the groups after week 7 of treatment.

The subjects in our study were all volunteers and thus may not be representative of the majority of smokers. Moreover, all subjects underwent weekly biochemical tests to determine whether they were still smoking. Both these factors could have enhanced cessation rates. The fact that 19.8 percent of the subjects dropped out of the study must also be considered. Those who dropped out of the study were assumed to have resumed smoking, but data on factors such as weight, depression, and severity of withdrawal had to be treated as missing for these subjects, so the potential contribution of these factors remains unknown. Analyses of data on continuous abstinence showed that relative to placebo, use of the nicotine patch was associated with higher abstinence rates during the 12-month follow-up period. The odds ratio for the comparison between the nicotine patch and placebo at one year was 1.1, similar to values reported in previous work.

However, analyses of point-prevalence data showed no significant differences between these two groups during follow-up. It is unclear why the nicotine patch produced weak effects according to the point-prevalence analysis.

One study suggested that the use of two placebos in a control group may produce higher smoking-cessation rates than the use of a single placebo. This might account for the smaller difference in the long-term rates of smoking cessation between the placebo group and the nicotine-patch group in our study. The weak effects, however, seem unrelated to prior use of the nicotine patch.

The rate of previous use of a nicotine patch was similar among the four groups. In the nicotine-patch group, there was no significant difference in the rates of continuous abstinence at 12 months between subjects who had previously used patches and those who had not (8.6 percent vs.

10.6 percent, P=0.61). Supported by a grant from Glaxo Wellcome. Jorenby has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham. Leischow has served as a consultant for McNeil Consumer Products, Pharmacia & Upjohn, and Glaxo Wellcome and has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome. Nides has served as a consultant for Glaxo Wellcome, Novartis, and SmithKline Beecham and has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome. Rennard has served as a consultant for Glaxo Wellcome, Novartis, and SmithKline Beecham and has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome.

Muramoto has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome. Daughton has served as a consultant for SmithKline Beecham and Hoechst Marion Roussel and has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome and Hoechst Marion Roussel. Fiore has served as a consultant for Novartis, Glaxo Wellcome, SmithKline Beecham, and McNeil Consumer Products and has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Novartis, Elan Pharma, Lederle Laboratories, Glaxo Wellcome, McNeil Consumer Products, and SmithKline Beecham.

Baker has served as a consultant for SmithKline Beecham and has organized medical-education presentations sponsored by Elan Pharma and Glaxo Wellcome. Source Information From the Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison (D.E.J., S.S.S., M.C.F., T.B.B.); the Arizona Program for Nicotine and Tobacco Research, University of Arizona, Tucson (S.J.L., M.L.M.); Los Angeles Clinical Trials, Los Angeles (M.A.N., K.D.); the Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.I.R., D.M.D.); and Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (J.A.J., A.R.H.). Address reprint requests to Dr.

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