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Lesson 1: Resource Management Overview What Is NIMS? Each day communities respond to numerous emergencies.

Most often, these incidents are managed effectively at the local level. However, there are some incidents that may require a collaborative approach that includes personnel from: • Multiple jurisdictions, • A combination of specialties or disciplines, • Several levels of government, • Nongovernmental organizations, and • The private sector. The National Incident Management System, or NIMS, provides the foundation needed to ensure that we can work together when our communities and the Nation need us the most. NIMS integrates best practices into a comprehensive, standardized framework that is flexible enough to be applicable across the full spectrum of potential incidents, regardless of cause, size, location, or complexity. Using NIMS allows us to work together to prepare for, prevent, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the effects of incidents. Presidential Directives • HSPD-5 identified steps for improved coordination in response to incidents. It required the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to coordinate with other Federal departments and agencies and State, local, and tribal governments to establish a National Response Framework (NRF) and a National Incident Management System (NIMS).

• Presidential Policy Directive 8 (PPD-8) describes the Nation's approach to preparedness-one that involves the whole community, including individuals, businesses, community- and faith-based organizations, schools, tribes, and all levels of government (Federal, State, local, tribal and territorial). Click on this link to view PPD-8. NIMS and NRF NIMS provides a systematic, proactive approach to guide departments and agencies at all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to work seamlessly to prevent, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the effects of incidents, regardless of cause, size, location, or complexity, in order to reduce the loss of life and property and harm to the environment.

The NRF is a guide to how the Nation conducts all-hazards response—from the smallest incident to the largest catastrophe. This key document establishes a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic incident response. The Framework identifies the key response principles, roles and structures that organize national response. It describes how communities, States, the Federal Government, and private-sector and nongovernmental partners apply these principles for a coordinated, effective national response. NIMS Components NIMS is much more than just using the Incident Command System or an organization chart. NIMS is a consistent, nationwide, systematic approach that includes the following components: • Preparedness • Communications and Information Management • Resource Management • Command and Management • Ongoing Management and Maintenance The components of NIMS were not designed to stand alone, but to work together.

Preparedness Actions taken to plan, organize, equip, train, and exercise to build and sustain the capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk. Within NIMS, preparedness focuses on the following elements: planning; procedures and protocols; training and exercises; personnel qualifications, licensure, and certification; and equipment certification. Communications and Information Management Emergency management and incident response activities rely on communications and information systems that provide a common operating picture to all command and coordination sites. NIMS describes the requirements necessary for a standardized framework for communications and emphasizes the need for a common operating picture. This component is based on the concepts of interoperability, reliability, scalability, and portability, as well as the resiliency and redundancy of communications and information systems. Resource Management Resources (such as personnel, equipment, or supplies) are needed to support critical incident objectives. The flow of resources must be fluid and adaptable to the requirements of the incident.

NIMS defines standardized mechanisms and establishes the resource management process to identify requirements, order and acquire, mobilize, track and report, recover and demobilize, reimburse, and inventory resources. Command and Management The Command and Management component of NIMS is designed to enable effective and efficient incident management and coordination by providing a flexible, standardized incident management structure. The structure is based on three key organizational constructs: the Incident Command System, Multiagency Coordination Systems, and Public Information. Ongoing Management and Maintenance Within the auspices of Ongoing Management and Maintenance, there are two components: the National Integration Center (NIC) and Supporting Technologies. What Is NIMS Resource Management? During an incident, getting the right resources, to the right place, at the right time, can be a matter of life and death. NIMS establishes a standardized approach for managing resources before, during, and after an incident.

Resources include: • Personnel, • Equipment, • Supplies, and • Facilities. Prior to an incident, resources are inventoried and categorized by kind and type, including their size, capacity, capability, skills, and other characteristics. Mutual aid partners exchange information about resource assets and needs. Resource readiness and credentialing are maintained through periodic training and exercises. When an incident occurs, standardized procedures are used to: • Identify resource requirements, • Order and acquire resources, and • Mobilize resources. The purpose of tracking and reporting is accountability. Resource accountability helps ensure responder safety and effective use of incident resources.

As incident objectives are reached, resources may no longer be necessary. At this point, the recovery and demobilization process begins.

Recovery may involve the rehabilitation, replenishment, disposal, or retrograding of resources, while demobilization is the orderly, safe, and efficient return of an incident resource to its original location and status. And finally, any agreed-upon reimbursement is made. When disaster strikes, we must be able to take full advantage of all available and qualified resources. Standardized Approach to Resource Management In this course you will learn how NIMS establishes a standardized approach for managing resources before, during, and after an incident. This standardized approach is based on the following underlying concepts: • Consistency • Standardization • Coordination • Use • Information Management • Credentialing Consistency: Resource management provides a consistent method for identifying, acquiring, allocating, and tracking resources.

Standardization: Resource management includes standardized systems for classifying resources to improve the effectiveness of mutual aid agreements and assistance agreements. Coordination: Resource management includes coordination to facilitate the integration of resources for optimal benefit. Use: Resource management planning efforts incorporate use of all available resources from all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector, where appropriate. Information Management: Resource management integrates communications and information management elements into its organizations, processes, technologies, and decision support. Credentialing: Resource management includes the use of credentialing criteria that ensure consistent training, licensure, and certification standards. Lesson 2: Resource Management Planning Resource Management Planning Process Overview This lesson is organized around the following planning steps: Risk-Based Planning The planning process should include identifying resource needs based on the threats to and vulnerabilities of the jurisdiction and developing alternative strategies to obtain the needed resources. There are a number of methodologies that can be used for identifying your risks, but all methodologies should: • Identify possible kinds of incidents and their related threats, risks, or consequences.

(What might happen?) • Quantify the likelihood of an occurrence of any given incidents. (How likely is it to happen?) • Assess the most likely magnitude of any given incident. (How bad is it likely to be?) • Assess the percent of the population at risk from any given incident. (How many people might be injured or killed?) • Assess the severity of impact or likely consequences of any given incident. (How much damage is there likely to be?) This analysis will result in a picture of the most likely incidents, their potential consequences, and needed resources. Step 1: Identify Associated Risks and Consequences The first step in establishing resource needs is to consider the related risks, including threats and consequences that your jurisdiction may face.

In identifying risks, it is important to consider the cascading events or related emergencies that may follow an incident. For example, an earthquake may cause: • Building and bridge collapses. • Hazardous materials spills. • Utility outages. Your jurisdiction’s Emergency Operations Plan should include hazard analysis information. Step 2: Project Resource Needs After analyzing the risks, next determine what resources are needed to manage incidents.

Some resources will be specific to only one risk or consequence; others may be useful for multiple risks or consequences. Example: Urban rescue resources would likely only be needed for building collapses following a hurricane, but resources associated with traffic control would be needed to assist with debris removal, security, and damage to bridges and roads. Researching Incidents Reviewing case histories or interviewing managers of similar incidents can be helpful in researching infrequent or unfamiliar incidents.

Sometimes needed resources are not immediately apparent. For example, emergency managers in Oklahoma City had not considered the need to dispose of large quantities of biohazardous waste prior to the bombing of the Alfred P.

Murrah Building. Another frequently overlooked or underestimated category is the needs associated with ethnic groups, such as special dietary requirements. Common Resources Resources you identify fall into seven general groupings: • Personnel: Includes Incident Command System 'overhead' or management staff, technical specialists, Emergency Operations Center staff, operations staff, etc. • Facilities: Includes office space, shelters, warehouses, etc. • Equipment: Refers to pieces of equipment, with or without the personnel needed to operate them. • Vehicles: Includes automobiles, buses, etc.

• Teams: Refers to groups of specially trained and equipped personnel, including needed equipment and supplies. • Aircraft: Includes surveillance platforms, medevac, or cargo configurations. • Supplies: Can span an enormous range from potable water to plywood. It is impossible to develop and maintain complete lists. A more efficient way to plan is to develop and maintain a current list of suppliers with comprehensive inventories. Resource Typing Thinking ahead about the appropriate configuration and capabilities of emergency resources can ensure that incidents receive the right resource for the job. Resource typing enhances emergency preparedness, response, and recovery at all levels of government.

Using consistent resource typing definitions helps the Incident Command request and deploy needed resources. Typing enables emergency management personnel to identify, locate, request, order, and track outside resources quickly and effectively.

The next lesson presents additional information on resource typing. Benefits The benefits of typed resource definitions include the improved ability of: • Incident Commanders to make their resource requests. • Emergency responders to know the capabilities of resources they are using. • Resource managers in the Multiagency Coordination (MAC) System and/or Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) to locate, mobilize, and track resources.

NIMS Requirements To support State, territorial, tribal, and local governments in their resource typing efforts, the FEMA National Preparedness Directorate has coordinated the development, vetting, and publication of resource typing definitions. Jurisdictions should compare their resources to the NIMS resource typing definitions. Tier I response assets should be reported for incorporation into the national resource inventory. Jurisdictions are encouraged to inventory and type Tier II resources as well. Step 3: Identify Potential Sources Resources come from a variety of sources, including: • Within your agency or jurisdiction. • Mutual aid and assistance. • Other levels of government.

• Volunteer organizations. • Private-sector sources. Agency or Jurisdiction Resources The first source to consider is the current capability and inventory of your own agency or jurisdiction. Electrolux Manual Eob 944. During an incident, you must exhaust your own resources before you approach the next level of government for assistance. Consider: • What kinds and types of resources are already owned by your agency, and are they suitable for use in emergencies? • What kinds of supplies does your agency usually warehouse? • What training and experience do agency personnel have?

Analysis of personnel should include not only their job-related training, skills, and experience, but additional experience, hobbies, or part-time job skills that might be useful. Keep in mind that outside-the-job experience can be both an asset and a liability.

Mutual Aid and Assistance Mutual aid agreements and assistance agreements are agreements between agencies, organizations, and jurisdictions that provide a mechanism to quickly obtain emergency assistance in the form of personnel, equipment, materials, and other associated services. The primary objective is to facilitate rapid, short-term deployment of emergency support prior to, during, and after an incident.

A signed agreement does not obligate the provision or receipt of aid, but rather provides a tool for use should the incident dictate a need. What Are Mutual Aid Agreements and Assistance Agreements? Mutual aid agreements and assistance agreements are agreements between agencies, organizations, and jurisdictions that provide a mechanism to quickly obtain emergency assistance in the form of personnel, equipment, materials, and other associated services. The primary objective is to facilitate rapid, short-term deployment of emergency support prior to, during, and after an incident. A signed agreement does not obligate the provision or receipt of aid, but rather provides a tool for use should the incident dictate a need. What Are the Different Types of Agreements? There are several types of these kinds of agreements, including but not limited to the following: • Automatic Mutual Aid: Agreements that permit the automatic dispatch and response of requested resources without incident-specific approvals.

These agreements are usually basic contracts; some may be informal accords. • Local Mutual Aid: Agreements between neighboring jurisdictions or organizations that involve a formal request for assistance and generally cover a larger geographic area than automatic mutual aid. • Regional Mutual Aid: Substate regional mutual aid agreements between multiple jurisdictions that are often sponsored by a council of governments or a similar regional body. • Statewide/Intrastate Mutual Aid: Agreements, often coordinated through the State, that incorporate both State and local governmental and nongovernmental resources in an attempt to increase preparedness statewide. • Interstate Agreements: Out-of-State assistance through the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) or other formal State-to-State agreements that support the response effort. • International Agreements: Agreements between the United States and other nations for the exchange of Federal assets in an emergency. • Other Agreements: Any agreement, whether formal or informal, used to request or provide assistance and/or resources among jurisdictions at any level of government (including foreign), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), or the private sector.

Jurisdictions should be party to agreements with the appropriate jurisdictions and/or organizations (including NGOs and the private sector, where appropriate) from which they expect to receive, or to which they expect to provide, assistance. States should participate in interstate compacts and look to establish intrastate agreements that encompass all local jurisdictions. Authorized officials from each of the participating jurisdictions and/or organizations should collectively approve all mutual aid agreements and assistance agreements. Memorandums of understanding and memorandums of agreement are needed with the private sector and NGOs, including community-based, faith-based, and national organizations such as the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army, to facilitate the timely delivery of assistance during incidents. What Is Included in Agreements?